QUE: Examine the role of the ‘gig economy’ in the process of women empowerment in India.

The gig economy, which is based on short-term and freelance work, is expanding rapidly in India, with a market of 12 million workers by 2025 (NITI Aayog). These platforms, such as Uber, Ola, Zomato, freelancers and urban companies, are providing new economic opportunities. The empowerment of women in India, which is marked by economic independence, education, and social autonomy, is being significantly influenced by the gig economy, especially in urban and semi-urban areas.

Role of the gig economy in the process of women empowerment in India:

Economic independence and employment opportunities: The gig economy provides women with convenient work opportunities, which help them balance work with domestic responsibilities. For example, over 40% of women workers employed by urban companies in beauty and home-services (2023), many of whom come from rural backgrounds. These platforms allow women to bypass the constraints of traditional employment (such as fixed hours). In 2025, women will account for 20-28% of India’s gig workers, up from 10% in 2010. For example, women drivers on Ola, like the ‘Pink’ taxi service in Bengaluru, provide women with secure and economically rewarding employment.

Skills development and entrepreneurship: Gig platforms often provide training for women’s skills. For example, Urban Company’s “Training Academy” teaches women beauty and wellness skills, which increases their employability. In 2024, 30% of female gig workers earned income through digital skills (NASSCOM), indicating increasing opportunities for education and skill development.

Challenges social autonomy and gender norms: The gig economy helps women break out of traditional gender roles. For example, women working as Zomato delivery partners enter male-dominated sectors, which challenges social norms. For example, Uber’s female drivers in Delhi have reported a greater share of household decisions through their income (ILO,2022).

• Challenges and limitations

Insecure working conditions: The gig economy lacks benefits such as job security, health insurance, and pensions. In 2024, 80% of gig workers had no social security (ILO), which particularly affects women, who often face lower incomes and household responsibilities.

Digital divide and access: Rural women, who account for 50% of India’s female population (2011), often lack digital literacy and internet access, which limits their participation in gig platforms. In 2024, only 34% of women owned smartphones (GSMA), which is lower in rural areas.

Gender and economic inequalities: The gig economy often benefits urban, educated women more, which excludes lower castes and economically disadvantaged women. For example, SC/STs make up only 15% of the Lao gig workforce (NITI Aayog, 2023). In low-income gig jobs, such as delivery or domestic work, women are at risk of low wages and exploitation

          Thus, the gig economy has played a significant role in the process of women’s empowerment in India through economic independence, skill development, and social autonomy. These platforms,  such as Urban Company and Ola, provide women with accessible employment that challenges traditional gender norms. However, unsafe working conditions, the digital divide, and socio-economic inequalities limit its reach. Addressing these challenges through social security, digital literacy, and inclusive policies can further contribute to women’s empowerment in India, which will promote truly gender-inclusive growth.